[1] Variety is the Source of Life: Agrobiodiversity Benefits, Challenges, and Needs. Swiss Academies Factsheet 15(1). Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences. https://scnat.ch/en/uuid/i/abf3e252-a389-5e05-9363-4ba2cfb80cca-Swiss_Academies_Factsheets
[2] ILO [International Labour Organization]. 2017. Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals: A contribution to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/cooperatives/areas-of-work/WCMS_445131/lang--en/index.htm
[3] Ricciardi V, Ramankutty N, Mehrabi Z, Jarvis L, Chookolingo B. 2018. How much of the world’s food do smallholders produce? Global Food Security 17:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.05.002; Herrero M, Thornton PK, Power B, Bogard JR, Remans R, Fritz S, Gerber JS, Nelson G, See L, Waha K, Watson RA. 2017. Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis.
The Lancet Planetary Health 1(1):e33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30007-4; Samberg LH, Gerber JS, Ramankutty N, Herrero M, West PC. 2016.
Subnational distribution of average farm size and smallholder contributions to global food production. Environmental Research Letters 11(12):124010. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/11/12/124010
[4] FF [Fairtrade Foundation]. Coffee farmers. Fairtrade Foundation. London, UK: FF. Accessed 6 May 2020. https://www.fairtrade.org.uk/Farmers-and-Workers/Coffee
[5] Hallam D. 2003. Falling Commodity Prices and Industry Responses: Some Lessons from the International Coffee Crisis. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/006/y5117E/y5117E00.pdf#page=9
[6] Panhuysen S, Pierrot J. 2018. Coffee Barometer. The Hague, The Netherlands: Hivos. https://www.hivos.org/assets/2018/06/Coffee-Barometer-2018.pdf
[7] Clapp J. 2015. Distant agricultural landscapes. Sustainability Science 10:305–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-014-0278-0; Bernstein H. 1986. Capitalism and petty commodity production. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice 20:11–28. www.jstor.org/stable/23169434
[8] FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2017. The Future of Food and Agriculture: Trends and Challenges. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
[9] Ordway EM, Asner GP, Lambin EF. 2017. Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Research Letters 12(4):044015. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6509/pdf; Mayrand K, Paquin M, Dionne S. 2005. From Boom to Dust? Agricultural Trade Liberalization, Poverty, and Desertification in Rural Drylands: The Role of UNCCD. Montréal, Canada: Unisféra International Centre. https://unisfera.org/sn_uploads/0Unisfera___From_Boom_to_Dust___Final.pdf
[10] Statistics from FAOSTAT: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. See also: Winkel T, Bommel P, Chevarría-Lazo M, Cortes G, Del Castillo C, Gasselin P, Léger F, Nina-Laura JP, Rambal S, Tichit M, Tourrand JF. 2016. Panarchy of an indigenous agroecosystem in the globalized market: The quinoa production in the Bolivian Altiplano. Global Environmental Change 39:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.007
[11] Tschopp MN. 2018. The quinoa boom and the commoditisation debate: Critical reflections on the re-emergence of a peasantry in the Southern Altiplano. Alternautas 4(2):67–85. https://bit.ly/2Rg08x4
[12] Oberlack C, Tejada L, Messerli P, Rist S, Giger M. 2016. Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials. Global Environmental Change 41:153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.001
[13] WHO/FAO [World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2019. Preventing Suicide: A Resource for Pesticide Registrars and Regulators. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO/FAO. https://bit.ly/3frVt5x; Kennedy J, King L. 2014. The political economy of farmers’ suicides in India: indebted cash-crop farmers with marginal landholdings explain state-level variation in suicide rates. Global Health 10(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-16; Weingarten D. 2018. Why are America’s farmer’s killing themselves? The Guardian. 11 December 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/dec/06/why-are-americas-farmers-killing-themselves-in-record-numbers; Zinke O. Tabu-thema: Selbstmorde von Landwirten. agrarheute. 22 May 2019. https://www.agrarheute.com/land-leben/tabu-thema-selbstmorde-landwirten-554007
[14] Ericksen PJ, Ingram JS, Liverman DM. 2009. Food security and global environmental change: Emerging challenges. Environmental Science and Policy 12(4):373–377. 10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.007
[15] Van der Ploeg JD, Jingzhong Y, Schneider S. 2012. Rural development through the construction of new, nested, markets: Comparative perspectives from China, Brazil and the European Union. Journal of Peasant Studies 39(1):133–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.652619
[16] Levay C. 1983. Agricultural co-operative theory: a review. Journal of Agricultural Economics 34(1):1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1983.tb00973.x
[17] ICA [International Co-operative Alliance]. What is a Co-operative? Brussels, Belgium: ICA. Accessed 6 May 2020. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/what-is-a-cooperative
[18] FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2012. Agricultural Co-operatives: Key to Feeding the World. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/getinvolved/images/WFD2012_leaflet_en_low.pdf
[19] Laguna P. 2011. Mallas y flujos: acción colectiva, cambio social, quinua y desarrollo regional indígena en los Andes Bolivianos [PhD thesis]. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen University. https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/mallas-y-flujos-acci%C3%B3n-colectiva-cambio-social-quinua-y-desarroll
[20] SF [Sin Fronteras]. Bolivia produce al año 8.000 toneladas quinua real. La Paz, Bolivia: SF. Accessed 6 May 2020.
[21] Tschopp M, Bieri S, Rist S. 2018. Quinoa and production rules: How are cooperatives contributing to governance of natural resources? International Journal of the Commons 12(1):402–427. http://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.826
[22] See http://laquinua.blogspot.com/2018/07/ for complete list of quinoa prices.
[23] Galindo J, Sallée B, Manivong P, Mahavong P, David A, Homevongsa V, Mongpadith S, Guitet C. 2007. Participative Analysis of Coffee Supply Chain in Lao PDR. Study prepared for Groupe de Travail Café (GTC). Vientiane, Lao PDR: GTC. 2007. http://lad.nafri.org.la/fulltext/2003-0.pdf
[24] Tschopp MN. 2018. The quinoa boom and the commoditisation debate: Critical reflections on the re-emergence of a peasantry in the Southern Altiplano. Op. cit.
[25] Ludi E, Amsalu A, Chiuri W, Haller T, Mbeyale G, Mhando D. 2011. Sustainable livelihoods for coffee producers in East Africa: Is producing speciality coffee a way out of poverty? In: Wiesmann U, Hurni H, editors; with an international group of co-editors. 2011. Research for Sustainable Development: Foundations, Experiences, and Perspectives. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South. University of Bern, Vol. 6. Bern, Switzerland: Geographica Bernensia, 640 pp. https://bit.ly/3cgBeG0
[26] ILO [International Labour Organization]. 1984. Basic Economics of an Agricultural Co-operative: A Learning Element for Staff of Agricultural Cooperatives. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/cooperatives/publications/WCMS_628570/lang--en/index.htm
[27] Liu P. 2010. Voluntary environmental and social labels in the food sector. In: Albert J, editor. 2010. Innovations in Food Labelling, pp. 117–136. Cambridge, UK. Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845697594.117
[28] Esim S. 2017. Cooperatives and the Sustainable Development Goals. Public seminar co-hosted by JJC and ILO Tokyo, International Labour Organization. 7 September 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---coop/documents/presentation/wcms_574475.pdf
[29] Blaikie P. 2006. Is small really beautiful? Community-based natural resource management in Malawi and Botswana. World Development 34(11):1942–1957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.023; Agrawal A, Gibson CC, editors. 2001. Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender, and the State in Community-based Conservation. New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Rutgers University Press. https://bit.ly/3baKqKy
[30] Thompson S. 2015. Towards a social theory of the firm: worker cooperatives reconsidered. Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management 3(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2015.02.002
[31] Tschopp M, Bieri S, Rist S. 2018. Quinoa and production rules: How are cooperatives contributing to governance of natural resources? Op. cit.
[32] C.P.C Bolaven Plateau Coffee Producers Cooperative: http://www.cpc-laos.org/
[33] Castella JC, Bouahom B. 2014. Farmer cooperatives are the missing link to meet market demands in Laos. Development in Practice 24(2):185–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2014.885495
[34] Galindo J, Sallée B, Manivong P, Mahavong P, David A, Homevongsa V, Mongpadith S, Guitet C. 2007. Op. cit.
[35] Myers A. Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire set to raise cocoa farmgate price in October. Confectionery News. Accessed 6 May 2020. https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2019/08/07/Ghana-Cote-d-Ivoire-set-to-raise-cocoa-farmgate-price-in-October